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Stanisław Brzozowski (writer)
Stanisław Brzozowski (28 June 1878 – 30 April 1911) was a Polish philosopher, writer, publicist, literary and theatre critic. He is considered to be one of the most important Polish philosophers of all time and is known for his concept of the 'philosophy of labour', rooted in Marxism. Besides Marx, among his major inspirations were Sorel, Nietzsche, Bergson, Carlyle, and Newman. Brzozowski's core idea was based on the concept of socially engaged intellectual (artist). Although he was in favour of historical materialism, he strongly argued against its deterministic interpretation. In his philosophical approaches, Brzozowski rejected all the concepts that were comodyfing a human being.
Polish intellectuals (Czesław Miłosz,〔Miłosz Cz., "A controversial Polish writer: Stanisław Brzozowski", in California Slavic Studies, vol. 2, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963:53–95〕 Andrzej Walicki,〔Walicki A., Stanisław Brzozowski and the Polish beginnings of >Western Marxism<", Oxford University Press, 1989〕 Leszek Kołakowski〔Kołakowski L., Main Currents of Marxism, vol. 2, Oxford University Press, 1978〕) have stressed that his widely unknown interpretations of Marx's early writings were to much extent anticipating those presented later by György Lukács and Antonio Gramsci.
== Biography ==
Leopold Stanisław Leon Brzozowski was born in 1878 in Maziarnia, a village near Chełm. Despite the ordinary background of his family (impoverished gentry), he attended private schools, which allowed him to apply for admission to the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Warsaw in 1896. In 1897 Brzozowski was involved in student riots against Russian professors teaching at the university. As the consequence of the riots, many of the students (including Brzozowski) were expelled from the university for a period of one year. At that time Brzozowski was the chief of the student organization 'Bratniak', designed to maintain financial support for the expelled students. In order to help his father, who suffered from a fatal illness, Brzozowski decided to use organization's funds. Although he had promised himself to give the money back as soon as possible, his embezzlement was discovered. The arbitration panel of the fellow members excluded Brzozowski from the activities of the organization for three years. In the same year (1898) he was imprisoned as the result of the investigations into the secret activities of the Society for People's Education.〔Mackiewicz W., Brzozowski, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa, 1983〕
Beginning in the autumn of 1898 Brzozowski suffered heavily from tuberculosis, a consequence of the time spent in prison. In order to recuperate, he decided to go to the sanatorium in Otwock. There he met, in 1900, Antonina Kolberg, and they married the next year. In 1903 his only child, Anna Irena, was born. Brzozowski's health problems accompanied him for the rest of his life. In 1905 he went for the first time to Nevi, Italy to receive more intensive medical care. In 1906 he went to Italy again and resided in Florence until his death in 1911. The last few years of his life, although spent in gradually weakening conditions, both material and health-related, were the most productive period of his life. Brzozowski then wrote his ''opus magnum'' – the novel ''Płomienie'' () – a response to Dostoyevsky's ''The Possessed'', as well as important books concerning his philosophical and cultural program: ''Idee. Wstęp do filozofii dojrzałości dziejowej.'' (''Ideas. An introduction to the Historical Maturity'') and ''Legenda Młodej Polski'' (''The Legend of Young Poland'').
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